1. Heredity is the passing of traits from parents to offspring. What cells do the parents use to pass        their traits to the offspring.

2. Mendel has a unique talent for observation. One possible explanation was his unique background.
        At age 21 he entered a ……………………………………. and worked in the gardens. At age 29 he studied
        …………………….. and ……………………………… at the University of Vienna. Later he applied the field of        
        ………………………… to the study of inheritance in peas.
   Other traits that Mendel possessed were perseverance and drive, as he indicates by repeating        
        his pea inheritance over ………………. times per trait he studied.

3. Mendel began his pea experiments by ………………..-pollinating the pea plants. This step in his        
        experiments allowed him to produce pure strains of pea plants.
     A: How many pure strains did he produce using this technique?
     B: What did he call this generation of pea plants?

4. Next Mendel began to ……………..-pollinate his pea plants to study the behavior of each strain of        
        plants.
     STEP #1:
       A: Which pea plants did he cross first?
       B: What did he name this generation of pea plants?
       C: What result did he observe in this generation of pea plants?
     STEP #2:
       D: What pea plants did he cross next?
       E: What did he name this generation of pea plants?
       F: What result did he observe in this generation of pea plants?

5. Upon completion of his experiments Mendel stated 3 "Principles" (Conclusions).
     A: In his "Principle of Dominance & Recessiveness" Mendel explains two main ideas. First he             states that all traits are controlled by a ………….. of factors. Second he says that the factor             that masks another is called the …………………………… factor, while the factor that is masked by             another is called the ……………………..factor.
     B: In his "Principle of Segregation" Mendel states that if each trait in an offspring is                       controlled by 2 factors then those factors must have come from their ………………………… . He             reasons that …………………. and …………………. must therefore contain only 1 factor.
     C: In his "Principle of Independent Assortment" Mendel determined that when crossing plants             with different traits the …………………………… traits did not always appear together.

6. Today scientists better understand the meaning of Mendel's work.
     A: We now know that Mendels 3 Principles exactly correspond with a specialized type of cell             division called ……………………. .
     B: We now call Mendel's pair of "factors" ……………………….. .
     C: Sutton put together all the information available up to that time in a new idea he called the             …………………………. ……………………….. .

7.  A: (True/False) If you know a persons genotype for a trait you can always predict their                                 phenotype for that trait.
     B: (True/False) If you know a persons phenotype for a trait you can always predict their                                 genotype for that trait.
     C: Imagine that in an organism three genotypes for height are possible à TT, Tt, & tt.
         1: Which genotypes are homozygous?          2: Which genotypes are hybrids?
         3: Which genotypes are pure?                    4: Which genotypes are heterozygous?
         5: Which genotypes show both possible alleles?
     D: Imagine that one of the organisms above is tall. Which genotypes might this organism have?
     E: Imagine that one of the organisms above is short. Which genotypes might this organism have?

8. Answer the following questions concerning probability.
     A: (True/False) Probability can only make predictions for events that occur randomly.
     B: (True/False) Events predicted using probability always turn out as predicted.
     C: What is the probability of:
            1: throwing 2 dice and getting a pair of 6's?
            2: throwing a penny and getting 7 heads in a row?

9.  A: R. C. Punnett created Punnett squares to help him with …………………………………… possibilities.
     B: One common use of Punnett squares is with the study of 1-trait crosses. When both parents            are hybrid, these crosses are also known as ……………………………….. crosses. Under these            circumstances the offspring display their traits in a …………………. ratio. A special type of 1-trait            cross is a test cross. In a test cross the unknown individualis always crossed with a                             .......................................... individual?
     C: Another common use of Punnett squares is to make predictions for ........................ traits,
           which produce a blending (or mixing) of traits in hybrid offspring.
     D: A third common use of Punnett squares is with the study of 2-trait crosses. When both            parents are hybrid for both traits, these crosses are also known as ……………………………….. crosses.            Under these circumstances the offspring display their traits in a …………………. ratio.

10. A: In 1-trait crosses each sperm and egg is capable of passing on ……… different alleles, thus             requiring a Punnett square capable of showing …….. possible combinations of offspring.
      B: In 2-trait crosses each sperm and egg is capable of passing on ……….. different pairs of                   alleles, thus requiring a Punnett square capable of showing ……….. possible combinations of             offspring.
      C: When working with 2-trait crosses it is handy to use the "FOIL" technique to predict all             possible combinations of sperm and egg from each parent. What does the acronym FOIL             stand for?

PART II: SOLVING GENETIC PROBLEMS

     Solve the following genetic problems using the Punnett Squares available on the answer sheet. After completing each Punnett Square, determine the Genotypic ratios and the Phenotypic ratios that resulted from each cross. (NOTE --> Two extra Punnett Squares are provided at the end of the answer sheet.)

A. SOLVING 1-TRAIT CROSSES
                     (Remember --> For all the genetic cross problems given below the first individual                             described is always the female.)
     1. Normal wings X Vestigial wings                               W = normal
           Hybrid X Pure recessive                                       w = vestigial

     2. Red eyes X White eyes                                            R = Red
          Pure dominant X Pure recessive                              r = white

     3. Curly hair X Straight hair                                        C = Curly
          Heterozygous X Homozygous straight                       c = straight

     4. Brown eyes X Brown eyes                                        B = Brown
          Hybrid X Hybrid                                                    b = blue

     5. Tall corn X Short corn                                             T = Tall
          Homozygous dominant X Homozygous recessive            t = short

B. SOLVING 1-TRAIT INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE (CODOMINANCE) CROSSES

     6. Gray fur X Gray fur                                                  B = Black
          Hybrid X Hybrid                                                      B' = white

     7. Red flower X White flower                                        R = Red
          Homozygous red X Pure white                                   R'= white

     8. Medium nose X Small nose                                          L = Large
           Heterozygous X Pure small                                       L'= small

C. SOLVING 2-TRAIT CROSSES

     9.      N = Normal wings           R = Red eyes
              n = vestigial wings          r = white eyes
         F --> Heterozygous wing & Heterozygous eye color
                                               X
         M --> Homozygous dominance wing & Homozygous recessive eye color

    10.     C = Curly hair                 B = Brown hair
             c = straight hair              b = blond hair
         F --> Homozygous dominant curly & Homozygous recessive blond
                                                          X
        M --> Homozygous recessive straight & Homozygous dominant brown

     11.     Y = Yellow seed              R = Round seed
              y = green seed                r = oval seed
         F --> Heterozygous yellow & Heterozygous round
                                                  X
         M--> Heterozygous yellow & Heterozygous round

     12.     H = Horned cow            M = Good milker
              h = hornless cow            m = poor milker
         F--> Heterozygous horned & Poor milker
                                                 X
        M--> Homozygous horned & Heterozygous good milker

D. SOLVING 2-TRAIT INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE (CODOMINANCE) CROSSES

     13.   Incomplete dominance -->        R = Red flower           R' = white flower
            Dominant/Recessive -->         S = Solid pattern         s = variegated pattern
        F--> Heterozygous color & Homozygous solid pattern
                                             X
       M--> Heterozygous color & Homozygous recessive pattern

     14.    Incomplete dominance -->       B = Black fur               B' = white fur
             Dominant/Recessive -->          L = Long fur                  l = short fur
       F--> Heterozygous color & Homozygous recessive fur length
                                            X
      M--> Homozygous black fur & Heterozygous fur length