1. The body cells of all multicellular organisms regularly undergo mitosis. Why is mitosis necessary        for all multicellular organisms?

2. The cell cycle consists of 3 main phases: interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis.
     A: Which phase does the cell spend most of its time in?
     B: Which phase splits the cytoplasm?
     C: DNA duplicates during which phase?
     D: Which phase splits the nucleus?
     E: A cell completes its daily tasks during which phase?
     F: Which phase requires the least amount of time?

3. The interphase portion of the cell cycle is broken down into 3 periods: G1, S, and G2.
     A: Which period is usually the longest period of interphase?
     B: DNA duplicates during which period?
     C: A cell completes its daily tasks during which period?
     D: Which period doubles the number of cell organelles present?
     E: Which period would produce centrioles and spindle fibers?

4. The portion of the cell cycle called mitosis occurs in 4 phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase,        and telophase.
     A: Which phase aligns the chromosomes along the equator of the cell?
     B: Which phase has the chromatin, nucleolus, and nuclear membrane reappear?
     C: Which phase has the chromosomes appear as chromatids?
     D: Which phase has the chromatin, nucleolus, and nuclear membrane disappear?
     E: Which phase has the chromosomes pulled to opposite poles of the cell?

5. When a human skin cell divides by mitosis, is it utilizing a form of sexual or asexual        reproduction?                   Explain.

6. A cell's DNA is quite active when arranged as chromatin. When a cell's DNA coils and condenses        into chromosomes its activity ceases. Use this knowledge to imply why mitosis occurs so        rapidly in a cell.

7. Briefly explain how plant mitosis differs from animal mitosis.

8. What is the purpose of meiosis?

9. Are homologous chromosomes ever identical?

10. A: Name 2 cells in the human body that are diploid.
     B: Name 2 cells in the human body that are haploid.

11. How is a gamete different from an ordinary body cell?

12. The portion of the cell cycle called meiosis occurs in 8 phases: prophase I, metaphase I,        anaphase I, telophase I, prophase II, metaphase II, anaphase II, and telophase II.
     A: Which phase aligns the identical pair of chromosomes along the equator of the cell?
     B: Which phase pulls the paired chromosomes (chromatids) apart?
     C: Which phase has tetrads form?
     D: Which phase has the homologous pair of chromosomes pulled to opposite poles of the cell?
     E: Which phase pulls the tetrads apart?
     F: Which phase is insignificant in animals?
     G: Which phase aligns the tetrads along the equator of the cell?
     H: Which phase has individual (unpaired) chromosomes pulled to opposite poles of the cell?

13. Meiosis I is often called the "reduction" phase of meiosis since it reduces the …………………… of        chromosomes, while meiosis II is called the "division" phase since it divides the …………………… of        chromosomes.

14. Meiosis in humans can result in the production of ………….. sperm or ………….. egg.

CRITICAL THINKING QUESTIONS:
15. When is a chromosome also a chromatid?

16. The human egg cell is much larger than the human sperm.
     A: Why is it generally true to say that a child inherits its traits equally from both mother and             father?
     B: Does everything (chromosomes, organelles, cytoplasm) in the zygote [fertilized egg] come             equally from both parents? Explain.

17. Define "parthenogenesis". Does it utilize mitosis or meiosis to produce offspring? Explain.

18. A married couple cannot have children normally. An egg is removed from the woman and placed        in a test tube where it is fertilized by the husband's sperm. The fertilized egg is implanted in        the uterus of a surrogate mother where it develops for 9 months. Will the baby inherit any        traits from the surrogate mother? Explain.

19. Animal "X" normally has 32 chromosomes in its body cells. How many chromosomes will be        present in its cells during:
       a) prophase of mitosis             b) telophase of mitosis             c) prophase I of meiosis
       d) telophase I of meiosis         e) telophase II of meiosis

20. Nerve cells do not complete the entire cell cycle once they mature. Which phase of the cell        cycle do nerve cells remain in permanently?

21. Would you suspect that the development of meiosis and sexual reproduction would result in an        increase or a decrease in the amount of variety in the traits of a species? Explain.

22. Of what evolutionary advantage might it be during female meiosis for the egg to undergo        unequal division of its cytoplasm?