2. The sculpting forces need energy to occur and to cause changes to the surface of
       the earth.
     Which source of energy (from the interior of earth /OR/ from the sun) are each of
       the following sculpting forces using?
          a) mountain building                                            b) glaciation
          c) erosion (bywind & water)                               d) GAIA

3. According to the theory of GAIA "actions of living things can affect climate".
       Likewise ecology teaching that the climate can affect living things. State whether
       you think the following statements are TRUE or FALSE, and explain why.
    a) The air inside a thick forest is more moist than the air in a grasslands.
    b) Plants in a desert tend to naturally grow farther apart than plants in a tropical
            forest.
    c) The atmosphere can absorb more moisture from an acre of prairie plants than
            from an acre of bare soil (based on hot, dry summer days).

4. a) What changes in earths' climatic patterns might result if the earths' axis did not
            tilt 23 1/2 o?
    b) What changes in the earths' surface features might result if plate tectonics
            ceased to occur for hundreds of millions of years?
    c) How might life on earth be affected if both of the above changes in the earth
            occured?

5. Today we are in alternating long glacial and interglacial periods.
    a) Should these alternating changes tend to increase or decrease the rate of
            evolution of many species of organisms on earth?
    b) Will these alternating glacial and interglacial periods continue throughout the rest
            of the history of the planet? Explain your answer.

6. Today we are also in a period of rapidly changing local climates. These rapid
       changes occur too rapidly for evolution to allow organisms to adapt.
    a) List three animals that were well suited to ice ages that have become extinct in
            the last 40,000 years.
    b) What behavioral adaptation has helped the reindeer adapt to these rapid
            changes?
    c) How has fire helped humans handle these rapid changes?

6. Earth as a whole is presently going through a time period in which it is having the
       smallest average differences between summer and winter (warmer winters &
       cooler summers). Scientists believe this means we may be nearing the next
       glacial period (ice age). Why would milder climates be necessary to begin a new
       ice age.

7. a) How are the biomes formed by latitude similar to the biomes formed by altitudinal             zonation?
    b) How are the two biomes above different?

8. In the U. S. most weather moves from the west to the east across the country.
    a) Which side of mountains, east or west, is most likely to be covered by a rich
            growth of trees? Explain.
    b) Which side of Lake Michigan's shoreline, east or west, is most likely to be slightly             warmer on a cold windy December day? Explain.

9. All terrestrial biomes must recycle their nutrients from generation to generation of
        plants and animals, or they would quickly exhaust these nutrients and all life
        would die out.
    a) Which biome would most likely be able to recycle nutrients between the
            generations the fastest?
    b) Which biome has the most nutrients stored in its soil?
    c) How might removing large numbers of trees from a forest biome affect the flow
            of nutrients in that biome?
    d) Give an example of how the following events might transfer nutrients from one             terrestrial biome to another.
                  1) river flooding
                  2) migrating animals
                  3) agricultural trade by humans
                  4) development of fertilizers from oil and coal

10. Why are there huge areas of tundra in the Northern Hemisphere and very little
         area of tundra in the Southern Hemisphere? (Hint à Look at a globe of the
         planet)

11. Answer the following questions concerning Lotic and Lentic freshwater biomes.
    a) Which has a larger proportion of its organic matter come from plant matter falling
            into the water?
    b) Which has its net productivity more dependent on the seasons? Explain your
            answer.
    c) How does the productivity of the water change as you go from:
            1) shallow water to deep water in a lake?
            2) 1st order stream to 5th order stream?

12. a) What is turnover in a lake?
      b) What time of year does it occur?
      c) Should it tend to increase or decrease the lake's productivity? Why?

13. What one group of animals make up most of the shredders, collectors, grazers,
        and predators in a river?

14. Stream X is 600 miles long. At its beginning it is only 2 feet wide, with its water
        coming from an underground spring. In its first 100 miles it travels through a
        thick woodlands. In its middle 200 miles it averages 20 -40 feet in width and
        travels through a national park composed mostly of prairie and grasslands. In its
        last 300 miles it averages 1/2 mile in width and travels through farmland used
        mainly to grow corn. Answer the following questions with these three choices:
        first 100 miles // middle 200 miles // last 300 miles. (may use more than one
        answer)
            a) majority of its plant matter consists of Coarse Particulate Organic Matter
            b) reaches its maximum biological diversity
            c) has its highest production to respiration ratio.
            d) would contain the most drift
            e) is a 1st order river/stream
             f) contains decomposers

Only On Diagrams:
15. a) List 3 gases that produce a greenhouse effect in our atmosphere.
       b) Briefly explain how a greenhouse effect occurs.

16. List the three largest biomes found in the U. S.