2.  a) Most antibiotics are made by which two types of organisms?
     b) Name the most famous antibiotic, and who discovered it.

3.  a) List two organic materials made by molds.
     b) List two organics that can be used as food supplements.
     c) Acetic acid is the main component of what organic product?

4.  a) What microorganism is particularly good at controlling (killing) weeds?
     b) What material found in microorganisms can be used as a thickener in a variety of
            products?
     c) Cortisone is an example of what type of chemical? What does cortisone do?

5. List three uses for enzymes produced by microorganisms?

6. How is the production of sauerkraut, pickles, and yogurt alike?
       How is their production different?

7. Food spoilage can result from the action of microorganisms or from chemical
       reactions occurring within the food itself.
       a) Is the browning of a bruised apple an example of the actions of
              microorganisms OR is it due to chemical reactions within the apple?
       b) For which of the following types of food spoilage would it make sense to
              complete a plate count of the food? EXPLAIN your answers.
              1 ) browning and softening of an old banana left uncovered on a table
               2) browning of old hamburger left uncovered on a table

8. Match the following preservation methods with the descriptions of why they work.
     a) fermentation w) too cold for organisms to grow
     b) refrigeration x) no air, and organisms can't reach food
     c) drying y) too acidic for organisms to grow
     d) canning z) too dry for organisms to grow

9. Which form of cancer might be found in:
       a) blood                      b) muscle                      c) skin                     d) lymph nodes

10. a) How do tumor-specific antigens work?
       b) Why are microbes ideally suited for detecting mutagens and carcinogens in many
               medicines, foods, etc? (Hint-> Effects of mutagens and carcinogens are most
               visible in offspring)

11. a) List 3 methods used today to treat a patient who already has cancer.
       b) List two methods being developed and used now that might stimulate the immune
               system to prevent cancer.
       c) List a new technique now used to detect cancer?

12. List three ways scientists use to classify microorganisms that cause diseases.

13. Match the following microorganism with its discription.
       a) Protozoan               w) most common disease-causing microbe
       b) Fungal                     x) causes many childhood diseases
       c) Viral                        y) move using flagella or cilia, or make spores
       d) Bacterial                  z) some are external and some are internal parasites

14. a) Which disease-causing microorganism can actually use two different life cycles
               once it enters a host?
       b) Why are disease-causing protozoans often exceptionally hard to get rid of once
               they enter the host?
       c) What two barriers do our bodies use to try to block the entrance of ALL
               microorganisms into our bodies?

15. Name the microorganism described below.
       a) fungi used in making cakes and rolls                          b) bacteria used in making yogurt
       c) bacteria used in dry sausages                                    d) bacteria used in making pickles

16. Look at the diagram showing the steps involved in using genetic engineering to create
        a product. Match the following three descriptions with the three sections
       of the diagram.
       a) section A of diagram                               x) growing the microbe, then isolating and
       b) section B of diagram                                         purifying the product
       c) section C of diagram                                y) inserting the gene into the microbe
                                                                         z) treating patients with the product

17. In the making of monoclonal antibodies:
       a) Why does an animal have to be injected with the protein under study first?
       b) What is a hybridoma?
       c) What is unusual about all hybridomas produced at the same time?

18. How do the organisms that cause the following diseases enter the human body?
       a) Athlete's foot                                                              b) common cold
       c) Pneumonia                                                                d) Tetanus
       e) Salmonella                                                                 f) Malaria

19. How does the human body prevent microorganisms from entering it through the:
       a) eyes                                    b) throat                                      c) stomach

20. List 5 ways by which diseases can be communicated to humans.